Recursion – Good, Bad, or Indifferent?

For developers using imperative languages (C, C++, C#, Java, Python, etc…), recursion can seem arcane. It’s just not something encountered regularly. However, recursion is a staple of functional programming. Given the functional programming renaissance, it may be time to “bone up”. Even if you have no interest in learning a functional language, functional concepts have many benefits that can be applied to imperative programming (i.e. LINQ, yeah, who doesn’t LOVE that). This blog post is meant to give a very broad overview of recursion for developers who don’t use it much.

WTF is Recursion?

In order to understand recursion, one must first understand recursion. Yeah, I know, that’s a really old joke. Moving on…

There are heaps of rather byzantine definitions floating around. However, for our purposes, we are going to say that a recursive method is one that calls back to itself. This is best demonstrated via example. Consider the following function that calculates the greatest common divisor of 2 numbers.

private int GreatestCommonDivisor(int x, int y) 
{ 
    return y == 0 ? x : GreatestCommonDivisor(y, x % y); 
}

Make sure you fully grok that function before reading on. There is a lot happening in those few lines of code.

Most recursive functions can also be written iteratively. In other words, recursive functions can be rewritten using looping constructs (while, for, etc.). See the example below:

private int GreatestCommonDivisor(int x, int y) 
{ 
    while (true) 
    { 
        if (y == 0) break; 
        var remainder = x % y; 
        x = y; y = remainder; 
    } 
    return x; 
}

The two functions above are commensurate. So, why would one choose one over the other? Read on! More about this in the next section.

The Bad

In imperative programming languages, recursive functions should be avoided in most cases (please, no hate mail about how this isn’t true 100% of the time). Recursive functions are less efficient than their iterative counterparts. Additionally, they are subject to the perils of stack overflows. Why is this true? I’m glad you asked. Let’s consider a greatly simplified version of what happens when a function is invoked.

1. Function arguments, variables, and return address are pushed on the stack
2. Control jumps to the function
3. Function code runs
4. Function results are copied into the return value
5. Stack is rewound to its previous position (memory is reclaimed)
6. Control jumps back to the caller

Often times, all of the above consumes more resources than looping. Therefore, recursive method calls are less performant.

The bigger problem is that the call stack is allocated a relatively meager amount of memory (varies wildly depending on the platform). Exceeding this causes the dreaded stack overflow exception to rear its ugly head. Each function call eats up space on the stack like a donkey eating a waffle. That space isn’t reclaimed until the function returns. As a total SWAG, I wouldn’t trust a recursion depth of more than about a thousand. Of course, this number varies wildly depending on the platform and amount of stack space the function consumes.

Methods that employ iteration do not suffer from any of the problems outlined in this section. In spite of that, there are still some good reasons to use recursion. Read on my friend!

The Good

As demonstrated above, recursive functions are generally shorter and more elegant. In the words of the great Donald Knuth, “premature optimization is the root of all evil”. Unless your application is extremely performance critical, chances are you will never notice the few extra microseconds. The added benefit of terse and expressive code far outweighs the performance hit. Obviously, stack overflow exceptions aren’t going away. However, if the estimated recursion depth is modest, there is no reason to avoid recursion. Put succinctly, if your use case is not performance critical and the estimated recursion depth is reasonable, it’s a good candidate for recursion.

Now wait a minute, I said that stack overflows aren’t going away but I also said that recursion is a staple for functional programming. How can both of these statements be true? Three words: tail call optimization. Many functional languages employ this witchery. In a nutshell, here’s what happens. If a function’s return expression is a result of a function call, the stack frame is reused instead of pushing a new one on the call stack. That’s all there is to it! Wouldn’t it be wondrous if imperative languages did this? Maybe, someday…

Wrap This Up Already

Recursion is a useful technique for making code terse and comprehensible. However, it is less performant and breeds stack overflow exceptions in non tail call optimized languages. Carefully scrutinize your use case when choosing between recursive and iterative functions.

Thanks for reading!