This blog post describes a technique for associating multiple bindings with a single dependency property within Silverlight applications. WPF already has this functionality in the form of MultiBindings, the code in this post emulates this function.
UPDATE: This blog post has attached code for Silverlight 3. For Silverlight 4 users, please see my blog for the updated code.
The simple application below demonstrates this technique, where there are three data-entry text boxes bound to the individual properties of a simple Person
object, with the title text block being bound to both the Forename
and Surname
properties. Try editing the surname or forename fields and watch as the title is updated.
[CodeProject does not support Silverlight applets, see the above application in action on my blog.]
The XAML for this application looks something like this (superfluous properties/ elements removed for clarity):
<TextBlock Foreground="White" FontSize="13">
<local:BindingUtil.MultiBinding>
<local:MultiBinding TargetProperty="Text"
Converter="{StaticResource TitleConverter}">
<Binding Path="Surname"/>
<Binding Path="Forename"/>
</local:MultiBinding>
</local:BindingUtil.MultiBinding>
</TextBlock>
<TextBlock Text="Surname:"/>
<TextBox Text="{Binding Path=Surname, Mode=TwoWay}"/>
<TextBlock Text="Forename:"/>
<TextBox Text="{Binding Path=Forename, Mode=TwoWay}"/>
<TextBlock Text="Age:"/>
<TextBox Text="{Binding Path=Age, Mode=TwoWay}"/>
The Solution
My solution to the problem of multi-binding was to introduce a class, MultiBinding
which is associated with the element which has out multi-binding target property via the BindingUtil.MultiBinding
attached property. The following diagram details my idea:
The Forename
and Surname
bindings are bound to properties of the MultiBinding
(exactly which properties we will get onto in a minute). The MultiBinding
has an associated Converter
of type IMultiValueConverter, this client supplied class implements the conversion process, as shown below:
public class TitleConverter : IMultiValueConverter
{
public object Convert(object[] values, Type targetType,
object parameter, System.Globalization.CultureInfo culture)
{
string forename = values[0] as string;
string surname = values[1] as string;
return string.Format("{0}, {1}", surname, forename);
}
}
The IMultiValueConverter interface
is much the same as the IValueConverter
, except in this case an array of objects are passed to the converter, with each object containing the current bound value for each of our bindings in order.
With this value converter, the MultiBinding
class can detect changes in the two bindings, then, recompute the ConvertedValue
which is bound to the target property of our TextBlock
. This was my initial idea, and it certainly sounds quite simple, however it was not quite as easy as it seems on first inspection!
Hijacking the DataContext
Typically when defining a binding, we omit the Source
property, e.g. {Binding Path=Forename
}. When the Binding
which this expression represents is associated with an element, the binding source will be the (possibly inherited) DataContext
of the target element. Therefore, in order to allow binding on the MultiBinding
class, it must be a FrameworkElement
, this gives us the DataContext
property and the SetBinding()
method.
However, there is a problem; each element’s DataContext
is inherited from its parent within the visual tree. Our MultiBinding
is not within the visual tree and we do not want it to be, therefore it will not participate in DataContext
inheritance. What we need to do is ensure that when DataContext
changes on the element which the MultiBinding
is associated with it, that we ‘push’ this DataContext
onto the MultiBinding
. With WPF this is easy, FrameWorkElement
exposes a DataContextChanged
event, (for DPs that do not expose events, there’s always the DependencyPropertyDescriptor). However, with Silverlight, neither of these options is available.
My solution here is to create a new attached property and attach it to the target element (our TextBlock
in this case), which piggy-backs the DataContext
. The code below is from the BindingUtil
class, when the MultiBinding
class is associated with the target element as an attached property, we also bind its attached DataContextPiggyBack
property. We define a static
method which is invoked whenever the DatatContext
of the target element changes, and here we ‘push’ this new DataContext
to the MultiBinding
class.
private static void OnMultiBindingChanged(DependencyObject depObj,
DependencyPropertyChangedEventArgs e)
{
FrameworkElement targetElement = depObj as FrameworkElement;
targetElement.SetBinding(BindingUtil.DataContextPiggyBackProperty, new Binding());
}
public static readonly DependencyProperty DataContextPiggyBackProperty =
DependencyProperty.RegisterAttached("DataContextPiggyBack",
typeof(object), typeof(BindingUtil), new PropertyMetadata(null,
new PropertyChangedCallback(OnDataContextPiggyBackChanged)));
public static object GetDataContextPiggyBack(DependencyObject d)
{
return (object)d.GetValue(DataContextPiggyBackProperty);
}
public static void SetDataContextPiggyBack(DependencyObject d, object value)
{
d.SetValue(DataContextPiggyBackProperty, value);
}
private static void OnDataContextPiggyBackChanged(DependencyObject d,
DependencyPropertyChangedEventArgs e)
{
FrameworkElement targetElement = d as FrameworkElement;
MultiBinding relay = GetMultiBinding(targetElement);
relay.DataContext = targetElement.DataContext;
}
Creating Targets for the Bindings
The MultiBinding
class needs to have a property which is a collection of type Binding
:
[ContentProperty("Bindings")]
public class MultiBinding : Panel, INotifyPropertyChanged
{
...
public ObservableCollection<Binding> Bindings { get; set; }
...
}
(Note the use of the ContentProperty
attribute, which means that we do not have to explicitly detail Binding
collection in XAML using the property element syntax). The problem is, in order for these bindings to be evaluated, they need to be bound to a target property. We could add a number of ‘dummy’ properties to MultiBinding
, PropertyOne
, PropertyTwo
, etc. and bind to these, however this approach is cumbersome and limited.
The solution here is to make MultiBinding
a Panel
, this allows it to have child elements, each of which will inherit its DataContext
. When the MultiBinding
class is initialized at the point it is attached, the Initialize
method is invoked. This method creates an instance of BindingSlave
, a simple FrameworkElement
subclass with a single Value
property which raises PropertyChanged
events when this property changes, for each binding:
internal void Initialize()
{
foreach (Binding binding in Bindings)
{
BindingSlave slave = new BindingSlave();
slave.SetBinding(BindingSlave.ValueProperty, binding);
slave.PropertyChanged += new PropertyChangedEventHandler(Slave_PropertyChanged);
Children.Add(slave);
}
}
Whenever a slave property changes, the MultiBinding
event handler obtains the current bound values and uses them to re-evaluate the converter:
private void Slave_PropertyChanged(object sender, PropertyChangedEventArgs e)
{
List<object> values = new List<object>();
foreach (BindingSlave slave in Children)
{
values.Add(slave.Value);
}
ConvertedValue = Converter.Convert(values.ToArray(), typeof(object), ConverterParameter,
CultureInfo.CurrentCulture);
}
The ConvertedValue
property is bound to the target property of the target element, and will be updated to reflect this change.
This method is very similar to the one which Josh Smith described in his CodeProject article on the concept of Virtual Branches. The MultiBinding
and BindingSlave
instances can be thought of as a virtual branch to our visual tree:
Download Sources
You can download the full source code for this project here.
A Final Word on MVVM
The MVVM pattern is very popular in Silverlight and WPF application development. With this pattern, your view’s DataContext
is bound to your view-model. With this pattern in place, the need for multi-bindings can be removed (Josh Smith goes further to moot the concept of removing value converters altogether). In our example, the PersonViewModel
class would simply expose a Title
property which performs the same function as the TitleConverter
. So does this render my technique completely redundant?
I don’t think so. Whilst MVVM is a great pattern, there are times where adding another layer to your application may be undesirable, especially if your primary aim is simplicity. Furthermore, I do not like being forced into using a specific pattern simply because the framework itself is lacking in functionality. The MVVM pattern is great for building skinnable applications, and allowing UI unit testing, however, if I do not need either of these features, I would prefer not to MVVM.
Regards,
Colin E.