Updated with links of .NET Best Practice No: 1, 2, 4, 5, and Video
.NET Best Practice No: 3: Using performance counters to gather performance data
This article discusses how we can use performance counter to gather data from an application. So we will first understand the fundamentals and then we will see a simple example from which we will collect some performance data.
Let us start this article by a small chat between customer and developer.
Scenario 1
Customer: How’s your application performance?
Subjective developer: Well it’s speedy, it’s the best …huuh aaa ooh it’s a like rocket.
Scenario 2
Customer: How’s your application performance?
Quantitative developer: With 2 GB RAM , xyz processor and 20000 customer records the customer screen load in 20 secs.
I am sure the second developer looks more promising than the first developer. In this article we will explore how we can use performance counters to measure performance of an application. So let’s start counting 1,2,3,4….
Courtesy : http://scoutbase.org.uk
I really do not have the intellectual to write something on performance counters. But reading the below articles I was able to manage something. So first let me thank these guys and then we can move ahead in the article.
Thanks a bunch Javier Canillas for creating the performance counter helper , it really eases of lot of code http://perfmoncounterhelper.codeplex.com/
Thanks Michael Groeger for the wonderful article, I took the code of counter creation from your article http://www.codeproject.com/KB/dotnet/perfcounter.aspx
I also picked up lot of pieces from http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.diagnostics.performancecounter.aspx
Any performance evaluation works on count, calculate and display. For instance if you want to count how many pages in memory where processed per second we first need to count number of pages and also how many seconds where elapsed. Once we are finished with counting we then need to calculate i.e. divide the number of pages by seconds elapsed. Finally we need to display the data of our performance.
Now that we know it’s a 3 step process i.e. count, calculate and display. The counting part is done by the application. So the application needs to feed in the data during the counting phase. Please note the data is not automatically detected by the performance counters , some help needs to be provided by the application. The calculation and display is done by the performance counter and monitor.
If application does not provide counter data performance counters cannot measure by himself. Performance counter cannot measure applications which do not feed performance data. In other words the application needs to feed in counter data by creating performance counter objects.
Almost all application performance measurements fall in to one of the below six categories.
Instantaneous values: Many times we just want to measure the most recent value. For instance we just want to measure how many customer records where processed? How much RAM memory has been used, etc. These types of measures are termed as instantaneous or absolute values. Performance counter supports these measurement types by using instantaneous counters.
Average values: Sometimes instant / recent values do not really show the real picture. For instance just saying that application consumed 1 GB space is not enough. But if we can get some kind of average data consumption like 10 MB data was consumed per 1000 records probably you can get more insight of what is happening inside the application. Performance counter supports these kinds of measurement types by using average performanance counters like AverageBase, AverageTimer32, AverageCount64 etc.
Rate values: There are situations when you want to know the rate of events with respect to time. For example you would like to how many records where processed per second. Rate counters help us to calculate these kinds of performance metrics.
Percentage values: Many times we would like to see values as percentages for comparison purposes. For example you want to compare performance data between 2 computers. Comparing direct values will not be a fair comparison. So if we can have % values from both computers then the comparison can make more sense. If we want to compare values between different performance counters, percentage is much better option rather than using absolute values.
For example if you want to compare how much RAM is utilized as compared to hard disk space. Comparing 1 GB ram usage with 50 GB hard disk usage is like comparing apples with oranges. If you can express these values as percentages then comparison will be fair and justifiable. Percentage performance counters can help us to express absolute values as percentages.
Difference values: Many times we would like to get difference performance data , for instance how much time was elapsed from the time application started, how much hard disk consumption was done by the application from the time it started etc. In order to collect these kinds of performance data we need to record the original value and the recent value. To get final performance data we need to subtract the original value from the recent value. Performance counter provides difference counters to calculate such kind of performance data.
So summarizing there are 5 types of performance counters which can satisfy all the above counting needs. Below figure shows the same in a pictorial format.
In this complete article we will be considering a simple counter example as explained below. In this example we will have a timer which generates random number every 100 milliseconds. These random numbers are later checked to see if it’s less than 2. Incase its less than 2 then function ‘MyFunction’ is invoked.
Below is the code where the timer runs every 100 milliseconds and calculates random number. If the random number is smaller than 2 we invoke the function ‘MyFunction’.
private void timer1_Tick(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
Random objRnd = new Random();
int y = objRnd.Next(1, 5);
if (y > 2)
{
MyFunction();
}
}
Below is the code for ‘MyFunction’ which is invoked when the value of random number is less than 2. The method does not do anything as such.
private void MyFunction()
{
}
All our performance counters example in this article will use the above defined sample.
Before we go in to in depth of how to add performance counters, let’s first understand the structure of performance counters. When we create performance counters it needs to belong to some group. So we need to create a category and all performance counters will lie under that category.
We will like to just count how many times ‘MyFunction’ was called. So let’s create an instantaneous counter called as 'NumberOfTimeFunctionCalled'. Before we move ahead let’s see how many different types of instantaneous counters are provided by performance counters:
Below definitions are taken from http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.diagnostics.performancecountertype.aspx.
NumberOfItems32: An instantaneous counter that shows the most recently observed value.
NumberOfItems64: An instantaneous counter that shows the most recently observed value. Used, for example, to maintain a simple count of a very large number of items or operations. It is the same as NumberOfItems32 except that it uses larger fields to accommodate larger values.
NumberOfItemsHEX32: An instantaneous counter that shows the most recently observed value in hexadecimal format. Used, for example, to maintain a simple count of items or operations.
NumberOfItemsHEX64: An instantaneous counter that shows the most recently observed value. Used, for example, to maintain a simple count of a very large number of items or operations. It is the same as NumberOfItemsHEX32 except that it uses larger fields to accommodate larger values.
Step 1 Create the counter: For our current scenario ‘NumberOfItems32’ will suffice. So let’s first create ‘NumberOfItems32’ instantaneous counter. There are two ways to create counters one is through the code and the other is using the server explorer of VS 2008. The code approach we will see later. For the time we will use server explorer to create our counter. So open your visual studio à click on view à server explorer and you should see the performance counters section as shown in the below figure. Right click on the performance counters section and select create new category.
When we create a new category you can specify the name of the category and add counters in to this category. For the current example we have given category name as ‘MyApplication’ and added a counter type of ‘NumberOfItem32’ with name ‘NumberOfTimeFunctionCalled’.
Step 2 Add the counter to your visual studio application: Once you have added the counter on the server explorer, you can drag and drop the counter on the ASPX page as shown below.
You need to mark ‘ReadOnly’ value as false so that you can modify the counter value from the code.
Step 3 Add the code to count the counter: Finally we need to increment the counter. We have first cleared any old values in the counter during the form load. Please note that counter values are stored globally so they do not do reset by themselves we need to do it explicitly. So in the form load we have cleared the raw value to zero.
private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
perfNumberOfTimeFunctionCalled.RawValue = 0;
}
Whenever the function is called we are incrementing the value by using ‘Increment’ method. Every call to the increment function increases the number by 1.
private void MyFunction()
{
perfNumberOfTimeFunctionCalled.Increment();
}
Step 4 View the counter data: Now that we have specified the counter in the application which increments every time ‘MyFunction’ function is called. It’s time to use performance monitor to display the performance counter. So go to start à run and type ‘perfmon’. You will see there are lots of by default performance counters. For clarity sake we will remove all the counters for now and add our performance counter i.e. ‘NumberofTimeFunctionCalled’.
You can now view the graphical display as shown in the below figure. Ensure that your application is running because application emits data which is then interpreted by the performance monitor.
Above view is a graphical view of the same. To view the same in textual format you use the view report tab provided by performance monitor. You can see the report shows that ‘MyFunction’ was called 9696 times from the time application started.
In the previous section we have measured how many times ‘MyFunction’ was called. But this performance count does not really show any kind of measure. It would be great if we can also see the count of how many times the timer was called. Then later we can compare between the numbers of time timer was called and ‘MyFunction’ was called.
So create an instantaneous counter and increment this counter when the timer fires as shown in the below code.
private void timer1_Tick(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
perfNumberOfTimeTimerCalled.Increment();
Random objRnd = new Random();
int y = objRnd.Next(1, 5);
if (y > 2)
{
MyFunction();
}
}
You can see both the counters in t he below graph the blue line showing the number of times ‘MyFunction’ was called and the black one showing number of times timer called.
If we look in to the report view we can see for how many times the timer fired and how many times was ‘MyFunction’ called.
In the previous section we had counted two counters one which says how many times did the timer fire and the other says how many times ‘MyFunction’ was called. If we can have some kind of average data which says how many times was ‘MyFunctionCalled’ for the number of times timer called it will be make more sense.
In order to get these kinds of metrics Average performance counters can be used. So for our scenario we need to count the number of time function was called and number of time the timer fired. Then we need to divide them to find on a average how many times was the function for the timer fired.
We need to add two counters one for the numerator and the other for the denominator. For the numerator counter we need to add ‘AverageCount64’ type of counter while for the denominator we need to add ‘AverageBase’ type of counter.
You need to add the ‘AverageBase’ counter after the ‘AverageCount64’ type counter or else you will get an error as shown below.
For every timer tick we increment the number of time timer called counter.
private void timer1_Tick(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
perfAvgNumberofTimeTimerCalled.Increment();
Random objRnd = new Random();
int y = objRnd.Next(1, 5);
if (y > 2)
{
MyFunction();
}
}
For every function call we increment the number of time function called counter.
private void MyFunction()
{
perfNumberOfTimeFunctionCalled.Increment();
}
If you run the application in the view report mode you should see something as shown below. You can see on a average ‘MyFunction’ is called 0.5 times.
If you do the calculation you will get the same figure which is been calculated by the performance monitor.
From our sample we would now like to find out the rate of ‘MyFunction’ calls with respect to time. So we would like know how many calls are made every second. So browse to the server explorer and add ‘rateofCountsPerSecond32’ counter as shown in the below figure. Increase this counter every time ‘MyFunction’ is called.
If you run the application you should be able to see the ‘RateofMyFunctionCalledPerSecond’ value. Below is a simple report which shows the rate of counter data which was ran for 15 seconds. The total call made in this 15 second was 72. So the average call is 5 ‘MyFunction’ calls per second.
We have left percentage counters and difference counters as they are pretty simple and straightforward. In order to maintain this article to the point and specific I have excused both these counter types.
Till now we have added the performance counter using server explorer. You can also add the counter by code. The first thing is we need to import System.Diagnostics namespace.
We then need to create object of ‘CounterCreationDataCollection’ object.
CounterCreationDataCollection Mycounters = new CounterCreationDataCollection();
Create our actual counter and specify the counter type.
CounterCreationData totalOps = new CounterCreationData();
totalOps.CounterName = "Numberofoperations";
totalOps.CounterHelp = "Total number of operations executed";
totalOps.CounterType = PerformanceCounterType.NumberOfItems32;
Mycounters.Add(totalOps);
Finally create the counter inside a category. Below code snippet is creating the counter in ‘MyCategory’ category.
PerformanceCounterCategory.Create("MyCategory","Sample category for Codeproject", Mycounters);
Its quiet a pain to write the counter creation code. You can use performance counter helper to ease and make your code smaller. You can find the performance counter helper at http://perfmoncounterhelper.codeplex.com/ ,
Oh yes, use it only when you are doing development. If you are using in production ensure that there is an enabling and disabling mechanism or else it will affect your application performance.
- Use performance counters to measure application data.
- Performance counters comes in various categories like instantaneous, average , rate etc.
- Performance counters should not be used in production. In case it’s used should have a disabling mechanism.
- Performance counter cannot measure by itself application needs to provide data so that performance monitors can calculate and display the data.
You can find the sample source code for the above performance counters discussed at you can download the source code from here
For best Practices Part 1, click here
For best Practices Part 2, click here
For best Practices Part 4, click here
For best Practices Part 5, click here
I do understand that this is not the right article to talk about my FAQ’s. Just wanted to pat myself to complete 1 year of writing for my FAQ series. Below is the consolidated links for all:
Silverlight FAQ : http://www.codeproject.com/KB/WPF/WPFSilverLight.aspx
LINQ FAQ : http://www.codeproject.com/KB/linq/LINQNewbie.aspx
WWF FAQ : http://www.codeproject.com/KB/WF/WWF.aspx
WCF FAQ : WCF.aspx
Sharepoint FAQ : SharePoint.aspx
Ajax FAQ : AjaxQuickFAQ.aspx
Architecture FAQ : SoftArchInter1.aspx
Localization and globalization : LocalizationGlobalizPart1.aspx
Project management FAQ : ProjectManagementFAQ.aspx
For Further reading do watch the below interview preparation videos and step by step video series.
