Easy way to set up global API hooks

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Contents

1.      Introduction
1.1.       What is API hooking?
1.2.       Local and global hooks
2.      AppInit_DLLs infrastructure
3.      Mhook library
4.      Writing the code
4.1.       Original function
4.2.       Hooked function
4.3.       Setting the hook
4.4.       Unhooking
5.      Running a sample
6.      Limitations
7.      Useful references

1. Introduction

This article describes an easy way to set up system-wide global API hooks. It uses AppInit_DLLs registry key for DLL injection and Mhook library for API hooking. To illustrate this technique we will show how to easily hide calc.exe from the list of running processes.

1.1 What is API hooking?

API hooking means intercepting some API function calls. By means of it you can alter the behavior of any software. Hooks are widely used by antiviruses, security applications, system utilities, programming tools etc.

1.2 Local and global hooks

There are two types of hooks: local and global ones. Local hooks are applied only to the specific application. Global hooks are applied to all processes in the system. The hook technique, which is shown in this article, is global and impacts on all processes in all sessions (in contrast to the SetWindowsHooks way that is bounded to the specific desktop).

2. AppInit_DLLs infrastructure

AppInit_DLLs infrastructure is a mechanism for loading an arbitrary list of DLLs in all user-mode processes which are linked with User32.dll  (Actually, there are very few executables that are not linked with it). The DLLs are loaded by User32.dll on its initialization.

The behavior of the AppInit_DLLs infrastructure is configured by a set of values that are stored under the HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Windows key in the registry. These registry values are described in the table:

Value	Description	Sample values
LoadAppInit_DLLs (REG_DWORD)	Value that globally enables or disables AppInit_DLLs.	0x0 – AppInit_DLLs are disabled. 0x1 – AppInit_DLLs are enabled.
AppInit_DLLs (REG_SZ)	Space - or comma -separated list of DLLs to load. The complete path to the DLL should be specified using short file names.	C:\PROGRA~1\Test\Test.dll
RequireSignedAppInit_DLLs (REG_DWORD)	Require code-signed DLLs.	0x0 – Load any DLLs. 0x1 – Load only code-signed DLLs.

Table 1 - AppInit_DLLs Infrastructure registry values.

3. Mhook library

There are several libraries for api hooking. The typical things that they do are:

1. Overwriting the beginning of the target function with custom code (so-called trampoline). When the function executes it will jump to the hook handler.
2. Storing overwritten original code of the target function somewhere. It is needed for the correct target function functioning.
3. Restoring overwritten portion of the target function.

Mhook is a free open source library for api hooking. It supports both x86 and x64 platforms and it is very easy in use. Mhook interface is simple and quite self describing:

BOOL  Mhook_SetHook(PVOID *ppSystemFunction, PVOID pHookFunction);
BOOL  Mhook_Unhook(PVOID *ppHookedFunction);

For more info on library usage see the code sample shown in the next paragraph or visit Mhook home page.

 

4. Writing the code

We aregoing to write a user-mode DLL. First you should download the latest Mhook sources and add it to the project. If you are using precompiled headers turn it off for Mhook files.

As I’ve mentioned above our example will hide the calc.exe from the list of running processes.

4.1 Original function

The list of running processes is queried by calling NTAPI function NtQuerySystemInformation. So, we need to add some NTAPI stuff to our project. Unfortunately winternl.h header doesn’t contain full information and we have to define required data types ourselves:

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Defines and typedefs

#define STATUS_SUCCESS  ((NTSTATUS)0x00000000L)

typedef struct _MY_SYSTEM_PROCESS_INFORMATION 
{
    ULONG                   NextEntryOffset;
    ULONG                   NumberOfThreads;
    LARGE_INTEGER           Reserved[3];
    LARGE_INTEGER           CreateTime;
    LARGE_INTEGER           UserTime;
    LARGE_INTEGER           KernelTime;
    UNICODE_STRING          ImageName;
    ULONG                   BasePriority;
    HANDLE                  ProcessId;
    HANDLE                  InheritedFromProcessId;
} MY_SYSTEM_PROCESS_INFORMATION, *PMY_SYSTEM_PROCESS_INFORMATION;

typedef NTSTATUS (WINAPI *PNT_QUERY_SYSTEM_INFORMATION)(
    __in       SYSTEM_INFORMATION_CLASS SystemInformationClass,
    __inout    PVOID SystemInformation,
    __in       ULONG SystemInformationLength,
    __out_opt  PULONG ReturnLength
    );

To store original function address create a global variable and initialize it:

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Original function

PNT_QUERY_SYSTEM_INFORMATION OriginalNtQuerySystemInformation = 
    (PNT_QUERY_SYSTEM_INFORMATION)::GetProcAddress(::GetModuleHandle(L"ntdll"), "NtQuerySystemInformation");

Hooked function

In the hooked function we call the original function first. Then check SystemInformationClass. If it is SystemProcessInformation we loop through the list of the running processes and find all entries for calc.exe to cut them out from the list. That’s all!

Note: This function must have the same signature as the original one.

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Hooked function

NTSTATUS WINAPI HookedNtQuerySystemInformation(
    __in       SYSTEM_INFORMATION_CLASS SystemInformationClass,
    __inout    PVOID                    SystemInformation,
    __in       ULONG                    SystemInformationLength,
    __out_opt  PULONG                   ReturnLength
    )
{
    NTSTATUS status = OriginalNtQuerySystemInformation(SystemInformationClass,
        SystemInformation,
        SystemInformationLength,
        ReturnLength);

    if (SystemProcessInformation == SystemInformationClass && STATUS_SUCCESS == status)
    {
        //
        // Loop through the list of processes
        //

        PMY_SYSTEM_PROCESS_INFORMATION pCurrent = NULL;
        PMY_SYSTEM_PROCESS_INFORMATION pNext    = (PMY_SYSTEM_PROCESS_INFORMATION)SystemInformation;
        
        do
        {
            pCurrent = pNext;
            pNext    = (PMY_SYSTEM_PROCESS_INFORMATION)((PUCHAR)pCurrent + pCurrent->NextEntryOffset);

            if (!wcsncmp(pNext->ImageName.Buffer, L"calc.exe", pNext->ImageName.Length))
            {
                if (0 == pNext->NextEntryOffset)
                {
                    pCurrent->NextEntryOffset = 0;
                }
                else
                {
                    pCurrent->NextEntryOffset += pNext->NextEntryOffset;
                }

                pNext = pCurrent;
            }            
        } 
        while(pCurrent->NextEntryOffset != 0);
    }

    return status;
}

4.3 Setting the hook

Setting the hook is pretty easy: call Mhook_SetHook from DllMain when the DLL is loaded to a new process:

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Entry point

BOOL WINAPI DllMain(
    __in HINSTANCE  hInstance,
    __in DWORD      Reason,
    __in LPVOID     Reserved
    )
{        
    switch (Reason)
    {
    case DLL_PROCESS_ATTACH:
        Mhook_SetHook((PVOID*)&OriginalNtQuerySystemInformation, HookedNtQuerySystemInformation);
        break;

4.4 Unhooking

Unhooking is performed by calling Mhook_Unhook from DllMain when the DLL is unloaded from the process:

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Entry point

BOOL WINAPI DllMain(
    __in HINSTANCE  hInstance,
    __in DWORD      Reason,
    __in LPVOID     Reserved
    )
{        
    switch (Reason)
    {
    ...
    case DLL_PROCESS_DETACH:
        Mhook_Unhook((PVOID*)&OriginalNtQuerySystemInformation);
        break;
    }

5. Running a sample

Now it’s time to show the described hook in action. Build the project and put the resulting AppInitHook.dll to the root of the disk C.

Figure 1 - The hook DLL is put to the root of the disk C.

Open the registry editor and locate AppInit_DLLs registry key (The key is HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT \CurrentVersion\Windows). Then specify the path to the hook DLL (C:\AppInitHook.dll in our case).

Figure 2 – Modifying the registry.

After the registry has been modified the hook starts working. Let’s run a few instances of calc.exe. Then open Windows Task Manager and look at the processes tab. There is no calc.exe at all!

Figure 3 - Windows Task Manager processes tab.

Let’s see what shows another popular tool written by Mark Russinovich - Process Explorer.

Figure 4 - Process Explorer shows no calc.exe.

All calc.exe instances are hidden successfully. And finally run command line tool tasklist.exe:

Figure 5 - Tasklist.exe listing of the running processes.

The hook is working!

6. Limitations

There are a few limitations of this hook technique you should know about:

1. As it was mentioned before this hook is applied only to those processes that are linked to User32.dll.
2. As hooking is performed in DllMain of User32.dll you can call functions only from Kernel32.dll and Ntdll.dll (other libraries are not initialized yet).
3. Windows7/Windows 2008 R2 introduces the new security feature – AppInit DLLs have to be digitally signed (however there is a registry key that can turn this feature off).
4. The file path to AppInit DLL must not contain spaces.

Useful references

1. This article on the Apriorit website
2. Working with the AppInit_DLLs registry value
3. AppInit DLLs in Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2
4. API hooking revealed
5. Mhook, an API hooking library, v2.2
6. Microsoft Research's Detours
7. DllMain Callback Function