For those who have been programming Java or C/C++ for any period of time will know one of the most annoying things is trying to debug a crash due accessing a null object. While the concept of null is needed to make a programming language work, deal with deviations from the normal ‘happy’ path including error handling, it doesn’t contribute towards implementing a solution. Yet we have to spend a fair portion of our time dealing with and protecting against null values to make robust software. Today we will take a look how Optional can improve our code in general followed by a quick look through its API.
Null is the default value for an uninitialised class member field or static object, we reassign back to null to free memory. It’s also used for sentinel values such as indicating no data. The problem is when we try to access a null value we get an exception. We are then left trying to work out whether the value was uninitialised and thus the fault of some other code, or whether it was a sentinel value our code didn’t handle properly. Sometimes this leads to the wrong fix being made or dithering over which fix to make. This code will probably look familiar:
public class ImportantData
{
private Data fileData;
...
public void load(String fname)
{
try
{
fileData = loadCSVFromFile(fname);
}
catch (IOException e)
{
}
}
...
}
This is the ‘I can’t work out how to handle this yet’ pattern. Often we do this sort of thing just to get code running because handling the error might not be trivial, not yet specified and/or we’re making a proof of concept. Such code becomes more likely in the agile ‘always demonstrable’ development model. When we try to build on this code it’s easy to forget revisiting the shortcuts and hard to find them again unless we consistently mark them. Worse is when the exception is being caught, but the handler is empty, with not even a message, so we get a silent failure. This is further compounded by Java’s rule on having to catch checked exceptions tempting us into a shortcut. Testing might not even highlight the problem because it’s an exception case and might need something else to go wrong before we get a failure.
If fileData mustn’t be null we should certainly do a check. We could use an assert, but that will be disabled in production. Unless space or time is at a premium it’s always better to be defensive. Better to catch a problem sooner rather than later as well as not allowing it to go on and mess something else up. Until Java 7 we would have had to do the following:
try
{
fileData = loadCSVFromFile(fname);
}
catch (IOException e)
{
}
if (fileData == null)
{
throw new NullPointerException("fileData can't be null!");
}
This will also help us with the silent IOException catch since fileData will also be null there.
In Java 7 we can go one better and replace the null test with the built in:
Objects.requireNonNull(fileData, "fileData can't be null!");
This is shorter, documents our intention that fileData can’t be null and prevents a null object causing bother later in the code. There are two versions of requireNonNull, one with a message and one without which translate exactly to the older Java equivalent.
Java 8 added Optional to allow us to work better with nulls and distinguish between no result and uninitialised/an error occurred. Let’s change the code as follows:
public class ImportantData
{
private Optional<Data> fileData;
...
public void load(String fname)
{
try
{
fileData = Optional.of(loadCSVFromFile(fname));
}
catch (IOException e)
{
}
Objects.requireNonNull(fileData, "fileData can't be null!");
}
...
}
Now we’re using an Optional to wrap our Data object using Optional’s static ‘of’ method (Optionals can only be initialised using static methods). The ‘of’ method will throw a NullPointerException if we try to wrap a null. We might as well use this as a free safety check as the code will crash there and then. If we have to be more robust later we can search for Optional.of to locate all the places we need to be checking for NullPointerException.
Once we’re finally done with fileData and need to release to the garbage collector we can’t just change the contents of an Optional (as that cannot be reassigned), we need to change what fileData references. We might consider a special sentinel object to indicate it was freed rather than using null which could be mistaken [when debugging] for never initialised (i.e. load was never called).
Suppose it’s acceptable for loadCSVFromFIle to return null, perhaps to indicate an empty file. Without wrapping this with an Optional we can’t tell between an empty file, the file wasn’t found, or the file was corrupted, or load was never called. If we don’t handle those exceptions properly we have no way later to know the cause of fileData being null and whether it should have be worked with, or should have been handled earlier. Thus we’re not documenting our intentions, often leaving someone else to work out what we meant. This can lead to the wrong fix being made.
Optional helps with this problem but to wrap nulls we must replace
...
fileData = Optional.of(loadCSVFromFile(fname));
...
with
...
fileData = Optional.ofNullable(loadCSVFromFile(fname));
...
Since passing a null to Optional’s ‘of’ method throws a NullPointerException, we have to use ofNullable which also wraps nulls. Under the hood an Optional.empty() is return if null is passed to it. We can now tell the difference between an uninitialised fileData (due to exceptions or load not getting called) and the case of the file lacking any data.
Note: The example assumed that we couldn’t change loadCSVFromFile, but if we could we’d return the Optional from that rather than wrapping it afterwards. This will also save the user of the API from having to decide whether to wrap with ‘of’ or ofNullable.
Optional allows us to work with null objects easier as there are useful supporting functions reducing the boiler-plate ‘if (object != null) { …. ‘ that can litter code making it hard to follow.
Let’s now have a look at Optional’s API. Note there are also specialised Optionals: OptionalInt, OptionalDouble and OptionalLong whose APIs are very similiar. First we’ll start with creating (wrapping objects) and unwrapping them:
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Optional<String> opt = Optional.of("hello");
System.out.println("Test1: " + opt.get());
try
{
Optional.of(null);
}
catch (NullPointerException e)
{
System.out.println(
"Test2: Can't wrap a null object with of");
}
Optional<String> optNull = Optional.ofNullable(null);
try
{
System.out.println(optNull.get());
}
catch (NoSuchElementException e)
{
System.out.println(
"Test3: Can't unwrap a null object with get");
}
Optional<String> optEmpty = Optional.empty();
try
{
System.out.println(optEmpty.get());
}
catch (NoSuchElementException e)
{
System.out.println(
"Test4: Can't unwrap an empty Optional with get");
}
}
There are four tests above:
1, The first shows the wrapping of an object which we do by calling the static ‘of’ method with object we wish to wrap then retrieving with get (getAs in the specialised Optionals).
2, The second shows that we can’t wrap a null object with ‘of’ and if we try we get a NullPointerException. Thus ‘of’ should be used when we’re sure that a null is not possible or we wish to throw a NullPointerException if it is. If null is allowable we must use ofNullable instead.
3. & 4. The third and fourth are actually the same case since when ofNullable wraps a null a Optional.empty() is returned. We can also call the empty method directly. These tests show if the get method is used to unwrap Optional.empty() it will throw a NoSuchElementException.
One thing to note is the specialised versions (e.g. OptionalInt) do not have an ofNullable, although we can still do a test and manually get an OptionalInt.empty() if we want. Correspondingly that API works with int and not Integer.
Since we may need to check whether an Optional is empty or not, we can use the isPresent() test for this. The API explicitly states we should never do a == check against Optional.empty() since it can’t be guaranteed to be a singleton.
If we want to unwrap an Optional which may be null we should use orElse instead to give it a default value (which can be null).
public class OptionalTest2
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Optional<String> opt = Optional.of("found");
System.out.println(opt.isPresent());
System.out.println(opt.orElse("not found"));
Optional<String> optNull = Optional.ofNullable(null);
System.out.println(optNull.isPresent());
System.out.println(optNull.orElse("default"));
Optional<String> optEmpty = Optional.empty();
System.out.println(optEmpty.isPresent());
System.out.println(optEmpty.orElse("default"));
}
}
In addition to the code supplying a default value explicitly using orElse, we can call orElseGet to get a value from a supplier. There is also orElseThrow in which the supplier passed will supply an appropriate exception, and also an ifPresent method that passing the value to a supplier only if the Optional is wrapping a value. The next example demonstrates these:
public class OptionalTest3
{
private static class MySupplier implements Supplier<String>
{
@Override
public String get()
{
return "Supplier returned this";
}
}
private static class MyExceptionSupplier implements
Supplier<IllegalArgumentException>
{
@Override
public IllegalArgumentException get()
{
return new IllegalArgumentException();
}
}
private static class MyConsumer implements Consumer<String>
{
@Override
public void accept(String t)
{
System.out.println("Consumed: " + t);
}
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Optional<String> opt = Optional.of("found");
System.out.println(opt.orElseGet(new MySupplier()));
System.out.println(opt.orElseThrow(
new MyExceptionSupplier()));
opt.ifPresent(new MyConsumer());
Optional<String> optNull = Optional.ofNullable(null);
System.out.println(optNull.orElseGet(new MySupplier()));
try
{
System.out.println(optNull.orElseThrow(
new MyExceptionSupplier()));
}
catch (IllegalArgumentException e)
{
System.out.println("Exception caught");
}
optNull.ifPresent(new MyConsumer());
}
}
Having to retrieve and check for values being present in this way, although initially tedious, makes us think more about what to do if values are null. It’s at least shorter that not using Optional.
Note that in latest example if we were wrapping say Integer instead of String, we can’t use IntSupplier or IntConsumer. This is because orElseGet and ifPresent of Optional require a type that extends or is super to an Integer respectively (including Integer or course). IntSupplier and IntConsumer do not extend Supplier and Consumer so we cannot substitute them. The specialised OptionalInt does take a IntSupplier and IntConsumer though.
There are a few useful functional methods (which surprisingly haven’t been added to the wrapper classes or Number): filter, map and flatMap. FlatMap handles the case where the mapping function already returns an Optional and so doesn’t wrap it again. Conversely Optional’s map will wrap whatever the mapping function returns.
Filter returns Optional.empty() if the predicate doesn’t match. If the Optional was already empty the predicate is not checked, although this shouldn’t concern us because Predicates should be just logical tests, and not have side-effects.
Here’s a quick run through:
public static void main(String args[])
{
Optional<String> hiMsg = Optional.of("hi");
Optional<String> hiThereMsg = hiMsg.map(x -> x + " there!");
System.out.println(hiMsg.get());
System.out.println(hiThereMsg.get());
System.out.println(hiThereMsg.filter(x -> x.equals("hi there!"))
.orElse("Bye!"));
System.out.println(hiThereMsg.filter(x -> x.equals("yo there!"))
.orElse("Bye!"));
Optional<Optional<String>> byeMessage = hiThereMsg
.map(x -> Optional.of("Bye bye!"));
Optional<String> byeMessage2 = hiThereMsg
.flatMap(x -> Optional.of("Bye bye!"));
System.out.println(byeMessage.get().get());
System.out.println(byeMessage2.get());
Optional<Integer> five = hiThereMsg.map(x -> 5);
System.out.println(five.get());
Optional<Integer> six = hiThereMsg.flatMap(x -> Optional.of(6));
System.out.println(six.get());
}
Finally a word of warning from the Java documentation itself: ‘This is a value-based class; use of identity-sensitive operations (including reference equality ==), identity hash code, or synchronization on instances of Optional may have unpredictable results and should be avoided.’ In short don’t try to use ==, hashCode or synchronized on Optional. Normal .equals can be used but you if you’re expecting a match then the object you are comparing against will also need to be an Optional. If both Optionals are Optional.empty(), that is considered a match.
More will said soon on how Optional fits in with the new functional programming features.
