SQL Server has a theoretical maximum database size of 524272TB.
Maximum Capacity Specifications for SQL Server[
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Obviously, a database cannot be larger than your available storage capacity, which will almost certainly be several orders of magnitude lower.
If you're using the Express edition, each database is further limited to 10GB of data.
(This does not include FILESTREAM[^] data or log files.)
As mentioned in the comments, the best approach remains to store files in the file system. But if the output is simple enough to recreate, storing the raw data needed to recreate it in the database would also work.